 | ||
| Isabella, bor/n 22 April 1451
House of Trastámara |
Age 53 at death. She was married to Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage became the basis for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 1504 and she died that same year on 26 November in Medina del Campo, but it is said that she had truly been in decline since the death of her son Prince John in 1497.
Isabella was short but of strong stocky build, of a very fair complexion, and had a hair color that was between strawberry-blonde and auburn. Her daughters, Joanna and Catherine, were thought to resemble her the most. Isabella maintained an austere, temperate lifestyle, and her religious spirit influenced her the most in life. In spite of her hostility towards the Muslims in Andalusia, Isabella developed a taste for Moorish decor and style.
Previously
1504 Castile completes conquest of Naples under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.
1503 Leonardo begins painting Mona Lisa.
1502 Columbus' Fourth Voyage to the New World. Arrives at Martinique (Jun. 15).
1501 All Moslems in Granada obliged to either convert to Christianity, become slaves, or be exiled.
1501 Ferdinand of Aragon an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.
1500 Columbus arrested and dismissed from his posts. He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy series of court cases against the Castilian crown, known as the pleitos colombinos, alleging that the Crown had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs. The Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790."
1498 Columbus' Third Voyage to the New World. Arrives at Trinidad (Jul. 31).
1498 Princess Isabella dies. "John's death was followed closely by that of his sister Isabella in 1498. Her only child, Miguel de la Paz, died in 1500. The Spanish kingdoms passed to John's younger sister Joanna, her husband Philip the Handsome, and their Habsburg descendants. Philip and Joanna had insulted her parents following the death of John, Philip had himself and Joanna declared as 'Princes of Castile' which they took as a lack of respect towards his deceased brother in law."
1497 Death of the 19 year-old Infante John, Prince of Asturias. Isabella goes into decline. "
On 4 October 1497, a messenger came to John's parents and informed them that their son lay dangerously ill in Salamanca. He and his wife Margaret had arrived a week earlier, on the way to the wedding of his older sister in Portugal. At once Ferdinand rushed to his son's bedside while Isabella remained behind fretting over the life of her only son. Ferdinand was with his son as John died in the arms of his former tutor Fray Diego Deza. He died possibly from tuberculosis, but rumors circulated John had died of sexual over-exertion at age eighteen. His dog, a lurcher called Bruto, had whimpered as he died, then stayed next to his coffin throughout the vigil in Salamanca’s main church. John's devastated mother would later keep the dog next to her, as if to keep the memory of her beloved son with her. Two months later, on December 8, the Princess of Asturias gave birth to their only child, a stillborn girl who would have become heiress apparent at birth had she been born alive."
1493 Columbus' Second Voyage to the New World. Arrives at Dominica (Nov. 3).
"
1492 Columbus' First Voyage to the New World. Arrives at San Salvador (Oct. 12).
1492 The Capitulations of Santa Fe (April 17). "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands he could claim for Spain. He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He would be entitled to 10 percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. Additionally, he would also have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture with the new lands and receive one-eighth of the profits."
1492 Fall of Granada. End of the last Moorish kingdom in Iberia and completion of the Reconquista. Muhammad XII of Granada (King Boabdil) surrendered the Emirate of Granada, the city of Granada, and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces. The war was a joint project between Isabella's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand's Crown of Aragon. The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile, and Granada was annexed into Castile's lands. The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans. Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands, while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated power. The aftermath of the war saw the end of convivencia ("live and let live") between religions In the Iberian peninsula: the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492."
1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo. Trade Agreement between England and Spain to reduce tarif. "would last for 96 years. Its provisions accomplished three goals: the establishment of a common policy for the two countries regarding France, the reduction of tariffs between the two countries, and, most centrally, the arrangement of a marriage contract between Arthur Tudor, eldest son of Henry VII of England, and Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. The treaty was signed on March 27 by Spanish sovereigns, but its ratification by Henry did not occur until September 1490 by the Treaty of Woking."
1486 Columbus presents his plans for a voyage to the Indies to Queen Isabella of Castile, having sought an audience for several years (May 1). Isabella refers the plans to a committee. "After the passing of much time, the savants of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, replied that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. They pronounced the idea impractical and advised their Royal Highnesses to pass on the proposed venture. However, to keep Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and perhaps to keep their options open, the Catholic Monarchs gave him an annual allowance of 12,000 maravedis and, in 1489, furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging at no cost."
1481 Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada orders a invasion to the city of Zahara de la Sierra by surprise, killing and enslaving Christians unarmed. This action is taken by Isabella I of Castile as a pretext to start the war against Granada (1482-1492).
1479 Peace of Alcáçovas. End of the War of Castilian Succession.
1478 Battle of Guinea. Off the coast of West Africa. War of the Castilian Succession.
1478. John, Prince of Asturias born in Seville in 1478 to the sovereigns of Castile, Isabella I and Ferdinand V (also Ferdinand II of Aragon). At the time, his parents were involved in the War of Castilian Succession against Isabella's niece Joanna la Beltraneja, wife of King Afonso V of Portugal. "John's birth helped consolidate Isabella's position as sovereign as she had given birth to a legitimate male heir. At the time of his birth, he had one elder sister Isabella; he was joined by Joanna, Maria, and Catherine."
1477 Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada, refuses to pay tribute to Castile.
1476 Battle of Toro. War of the Castilian Succession. "between the Castilian troops of the Catholic Monarchs and the Portuguese-Castilian forces of Afonso V and Prince John."
1476 La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood) formed. "Isabella's first major reform came during the cortes of Madrigal in 1476 in the form of a police force, La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood). While 1476 was not the first time that Castile had seen the Hermandad, it was however the first time that the police force was used by the crown."
1475-1479 War of the Castilian Succession, following death of Henry II "fought between the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja, daughter of the late monarch Henry IV of Castile, and those of Henry's half-sister, Isabella, who was ultimately successful."
1474 Isabella, daughter of Henry II, crowned Queen of Castile. "When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, Castile was in a state of despair thanks to her brother Henry's reign. It was not unknown that Henry IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian citizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened without punishment.Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom. Due to the measures imposed, historians during her lifetime saw her to be more inclined to justice than to mercy, and indeed far more rigorous and unforgiving than her husband Ferdinand."
1474 Henry II of Castile dies, buried at Santa María de Guadalupe. "the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. During Henry's reign the nobles increased in power and the nation became less centralised."
1472 Francesco Pagano commissioned to paint the ceiling of Valencia Cathedral.
1469 Betrothal of the Catholic Monarchs,(Oct 18). Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Marriage to be personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon. "Because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Alexander VI), Isabella and Ferdinand were presented with a supposed papal bull by Pius II (who had died in 1464), authorising Ferdinand to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Henry with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso's tomb in Ávila. Ferdinand, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They were married immediately upon reuniting, on 19 October 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid."
1453 Fall of Constantinople.
1452 John II, King of Castile and León , dies in Valladolid (20 Jul). "John II's reign, lasting 49 years, was one of the longest in Castilian history, but John himself was not a particularly capable monarch. He spent his time verse-making, hunting, and holding tournaments. His favourite, Álvaro de Luna, heavily influenced him until his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, obtained control of his feeble will. At her instigation, he dismissed his faithful and able servant, an act which is said to have caused him much remorse."
1445 First Battle of Olmedo (May 19). Between Castilian forces and those of Navarre and Aragon, "prompted by the decrees of John II of Castile and his aide Álvaro de Luna that rents, that is taxes, from the town of Medina del Campo would be paid to his administration, rather than that of John II of Aragon, also of Navarre. The latter king invaded Castile, aided by his brother Alfonso V of Aragón."
1445 Maria of Aragon dies, widowing John II of Castile (Feb. 18). He subsequently remarries to Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Infante John of Portugal. They have two children; Isabella (born April 22, 1451) and Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (born 1453).
1431 John II of Castile places Yusuf IV on the throne as the Sultan of Granada in the Moorish Emirate of Granada, in exchange for tribute and vassal status to Castile. This exchange is depicted in the short ballad the Romance of Abenamar.
1418 John II of Castile marries Maria of Aragon, (b. 1396), the oldest daughter of his paternal uncle, Ferdinand I of Aragon. Of all their children, only the future Henry IV of Castile survived infancy (born 1425).
1418 John II assumes the throne of Castile himself.
1411 Valladolid Laws declared by John II's regents. "restricted the social activity of Jews. Among the most notable of the provisions were outlining that Jews must wear distinctive clothes and banned them from holding administrative positions." Reversed in 1418 by John II.
1391-1415 Wave of mass conversion of Jews in Castile
1366 House of Trastámara founded as governing body of Crown of Castile. Henry II becomes king in by defeating his half-brother, King Peter, after numerous rebellions and battles. New ruling house illegitimate cadet line of the House of Burgundy."
No comments:
Post a Comment