 |
| David I of Scotland, detail of an illuminated initial on the Kelso Abbey charter of 1159 (source). |
1124 David I, (Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim), approximately 40 years old, crowned King of the Scots (elevated from Prince of the Cumbrians).
Eighth and youngest son of Malcom III and Margaret of Wessex. Crowned at Scone (Apr. or May). Reigns for 29 years until his death in 1153, at age 69.
"widely regarded as one of the most significant rulers in Scotland's history."
Institutes sweeping Normanization of Scottish government, partly through widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights (the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service).
Greatly expanded reach of royal taxation through sheriffdoms and the "Continental Model."
Beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.
Davidian Revolution: a term given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during David's reign (1124–1153). These included his foundation of burghs,..., foundation of monasteries, Normanization of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant Norman and Anglo-Norman knights.
"Barrow summarizes the many and varied goals of David I, all of which began and ended with his determination "to surround his fortified royal residence and its mercantile and ecclesiastical satellites with a ring of close friends and supporters, bound to him and his heirs by feudal obligation and capable of rendering him military service of the most up-to-date kind and filling administrative offices at the highest level"" "
The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "continental" model."
"The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor".Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated""
feudalism: "The classic François-Louis Ganshof version of feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs. A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and the protection of the lord, the vassal would provide some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of feudal land tenure, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship."
1114-1122 Founding of Scone Priory, a house of Augustinian canons.
1113 Foundation of Selkirk Abbey, by David, Prince of the Cumbrians.
1113 David, son of Malcom III, becomes Prince of the Cumbrians.
1107 Alexander I crowned King of Scots, upon death of his brother Edgar. "the fifth son of Malcolm III by his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II"
1100-1107 Turgot of Durham writes the life of Malcolm's wife, Margaret of Scotland, at the request of her daughter, Matilda, wife of king Henry I of England.
1097 Edgar or Étgar mac Maíl Choluim, nicknamed Probus, "the Valiant" (b. 1074), becomes King of Scotland. He was the fourth son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex but the first to be considered eligible for the throne after the death of his father. "William Rufus, King of England, opposed Donald III's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm III, Donnchad, into Scotland with an army. Donnchad was killed within the year, and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097."
1093-1133 Construction of Durham Cathedral.
1093–97 Power struggle in Scotland following death of Malcolm III. Donald III (son of Duncan I) becomes King of Scots.
1093 Battle of Alnwick. Malcom III, King of Scots, killed in ambush by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria (Nov. 13) Queen Margaret dies at Edinburgh Castle, after receiving news of her husband's death in battle. "While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick. Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say: "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days."'
1087 William I dies (Sept. 9). Succeeded on the throne of England by his son William II (William Rufus). "William I left England towards the end of 1086. Following his arrival back on the continent he married his daughter Constance to Alan Fergant, the Duke of Brittany, in furtherance of his policy of seeking allies against the French kings. William's son Robert, still allied with the French king Philip I, appears to have been active in stirring up trouble, enough so that William led an expedition against the French Vexin in July 1087. While seizing Mantes, William either fell ill or was injured by the pommel of his saddle. He was taken to the priory of Saint Gervase at Rouen, where he died on 9 September 1087.
1086 Yorkshire and the North Riding in northern England still had large areas of waste territory, the Domesday Book entries indicate wasteas est or hoc est vast (it is wasted) for estate after estate, in all a total of 60% of all holdings were waste. It states that 66% of all vills contained wasted manors. Even the prosperous areas of the county had lost 60% of its value compared to 1066. There was only 25% of the population and plough teams remaining and 80,000 oxen and 150,000 people fewer.
1080 Walcher, the Bishop of Durham, is murdered by the local Northumbrians. In response, William of England sends his half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux north with an army to harry the Northumbrian countryside. Odo destroyed much land north of the Tees, from York to Durham, and stole valuable items from Durham monastery. Many of the Northumbrian nobility were driven into exile. "As a result of the depopulation, Norman landowners sought settlers to work in the fields. Evidence suggests that such barons were willing to rent lands to any men not obviously disloyal. Unlike the Vikings in the centuries before, Normans did not settle wholesale in the shire, but only occupied the upper ranks of society. This allowed an Anglo-Scandinavian culture to survive beneath Norman rule. Evidence for continuity can be seen in the retention of many cultural traits."
1071 William appointed another Earl of Northumbria, William Walcher, a Lotharingian, who was the first non-English bishop of Durham. "Having effectively subdued the population, William carried out a wholesale replacement of Anglo-Saxon leaders with Norman ones in the North."
1070 Malcolm III marries Margaret of Wessex, sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. Margaret becomes Queen of Scotland."An English princess of the House of Wessex. Margaret was sometimes called "The Pearl of Scotland". Born in exile in Hungary,... she was a pious woman, and among many charitable works she established a ferry across the Firth of Forth for pilgrims traveling to Dunfermline Abbey, which gave the towns of South Queensferry and North Queensferry their names. Margaret was the mother of three kings of Scotland (or four, if one includes Edmund of Scotland, who ruled Scotland with his uncle, Donald III) and of a queen consort of England." "The marriage of Malcolm to Edgar's sister profoundly affected the history of both England and Scotland. The influence of Margaret and her sons brought about the Anglicisation of the Lowlands and provided the Scottish king with an excuse for forays into England, which he could claim were to redress the wrongs against his brother-in-law."
1069-1072 The Harrying of the North. "a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–70 to subjugate northern England. The presence of the last Wessex claimant, Edgar Atheling, had encouraged Anglo-Danish rebellions that broke the Norman hold on the North. William paid the Danes to go home, but the remaining rebels refused to meet him in battle, and he decided to starve them out by laying waste to the northern shires, especially the city of York, before installing a Norman aristocracy throughout the region. Contemporary chronicles vividly record the savagery of the campaign, the huge scale of the destruction and the widespread famine caused by looting, burning and slaughtering." "The archaeologist Richard Ernest Muir wrote that there was evidence for the "violent disruption [that] took place in Yorkshire in 1069–71, in the form of hoards of coins which were buried by the inhabitants."
1068 Malcolm III grants asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy. "among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots. The exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north (1070)."
1066 Norman Conquest of England. William of Normandy (b. 1028) crowned King of England (Dec. 25).
1058 Malcolm III (Máel Coluim) becomes King of the Scots after killing Lulach. Begins 35-year reign. "Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots did not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any significant advances southwards. Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years, although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality."
1057 Macbeth defeated and mortally wounded or killed by the future Malcolm III ("King Malcolm Ceann-mor", son of Duncan I) on the north side of the Mounth in 1057, after retreating with his men over the Cairnamounth Pass to take his last stand at the battle at Lumphanan. The Prophecy of Berchán has it that he was wounded and died at Scone, sixty miles to the south, some days later. Macbeth's stepson Lulach was installed as king soon after. He ruled only for a few months before being assassinated and usurped by Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada)."
1052 Macbeth accepts Norman exiles from England in his court. "Macbeth was involved indirectly in the strife in the Kingdom of England between Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Edward the Confessor when he received a number of Norman exiles from England in his court, perhaps becoming the first king of Scots to introduce feudalism to Scotland."
1040 Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích) becomes king upon Duncan's death in battle (Aug. 14). Nicknamed Rí Deircc, "the Red King." "Because of his youth, Duncan's early reign was apparently uneventful. His later reign, in line with his description as "the man of many sorrows" in the Prophecy of Berchán, was not successful. " Unlike later writers, no near contemporary source remarks on Macbeth as a tyrant. The Duan Albanach, which survives in a form dating to the reign of Malcolm III, calls him "Mac Bethad the renowned". The Prophecy of Berchán, a verse history which purports to be a prophecy, describes him as "the generous king of Fortriu", and says: The red, tall, golden-haired one, he will be pleasant to me among them; Scotland will be brimful west and east during the reign of the furious red one."
1040 Duncan I killed in battle, a year after disaster in Durham. "He led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray. There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040.
1040 Earliest date of the History of the Normans, by Dudo of Saint-Quentin.
1039 The Northumbrians attack Strathclyde on Scottish border. A retaliatory raid led by Duncan against Durham turned into a disaster. Duncan survived the defeat, but t
1034 Malcolm II dies, is succeeded by his grandson Duncan I.
1031 Cnut the Great comes to Scotland to accept the submission of Malcolm II.
 |
| The North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, c. 1030 (source) |
1005 Malcolm II, King of Scots (King of Alba). "The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh, later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster."
996 Richard, Count of Rouen, granted the title Duke of Normandy.
911 Rollo granted fiefdom at mouth of Seine, and title Count of Rouen by Charles the Simple, King of the Franks.
885-886 Viking siege of Paris.
845 Viking sack of Paris.
840 Death of Louis I the Pious, King of the Franks. Division of his Empire in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun.
796 Viking raid on Iona.
793 Viking raid on Lindesfarne.
No comments:
Post a Comment