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| Mary, Queen of Scots, House of Stuart (shown here as an older girl). She became the focus of the 'Rough Wooing' when she was less than a year old (source) |
1544 The Rough Wooing begins. Henry VIII, King of England, invades of Scotland over its alliance with France. Major hostilities begin with an attack on Edinburgh on 3 May,"
"Henry ordered his son Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, to invade Scotland and "put all to fire and sword, burn Edinburgh town, so razed and defaced when you have sacked and gotten what ye can of it, as there may remain forever a perpetual memory of the vengeance of God lightened upon [them] for their falsehood and disloyalty".Seymour responded with the most savage campaign ever launched by the English against the Scots. The war, which continued into Edward's reign, has become known as "The Rough Wooing" England was feeling trapped and surrounded by Catholic powers, and wished to break the Auld Alliance in order to prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France. War was declared by Henry VIII of England in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between his son Edward and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England. After Henry's death in 1547, his son Edward VI continued the war until changing circumstances made it irrelevant in 1550. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns in 1603, excepting perhaps the English intervention at the Siege of Leith in 1560, and was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century."
May 3: The Burning of Edinburgh in 1544 by an English sea-borne army was the first major action of the war of the Rough Wooing. A Scottish army observed the landing on 3 May 1544 but did not engage with the English force. The Provost of Edinburgh was compelled to allow the English to sack Leith and Edinburgh. However, the Scottish artillery within Edinburgh Castle harassed the English forces, who had neither the time nor the resources to besiege the Castle. The English fleet sailed away loaded with captured goods, and with two ships that had belonged to James V of Scotland."
1543 Scots repudiate Treaty of Greenwich, sign alliance with France (Dec.). Henry enraged.
1543 Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Greenwich with the Scots, sealing the peace with his son Edward's betrothal to the seven-month-old Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. The Scots were in a weak bargaining position after their defeat at Solway Moss the previous November, and Henry, seeking to unite the two realms, stipulated that Mary be handed over to him to be brought up in England.
1543 Third Succession Act of Henry VIII's reign passed by the Parliament of England (July), and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind their half-brother Edward.
1542 Battle of Solway Moss (Nov. 24). Scots defeated by England. James V Stuart dies soon after (Dec. 14). Six-day infant daughter of James, Mary, becomes Queen of the Scots. "When Henry VIII of England broke from the Roman Catholic Church, he asked James V of Scotland, his nephew, to do the same. James ignored his uncle's request and further insulted him by refusing to meet with Henry at York. Furious, Henry VIII sent troops against Scotland. In retaliation for the massive English raid into Scotland, James responded by assigning Robert, Lord Maxwell, the Scottish Warden of West March, the task of raising an army. On 24 November 1542, an army of 15,000–18,000 Scots advanced into England. 3,000 men. The battle was uncoordinated and may be described as a rout. Sir Thomas Wharton described the battle as the overthrow of the Scots between the rivers Esk and Lyne. The Scots were 'beguiled by their own guiding', according to one Scottish writer. Several hundred of the Scots may have drowned in the marshes and river. James, who was not present at the battle (he had remained at Lochmaben), withdrew to Falkland Palace humiliated and ill with fever. The news that his wife had given birth to a daughter instead of a son further crushed his will to live, and he is reported to have stated that the House of Stewart "came with a lass and will go with a lass". He died at Falkland two weeks later at the age of thirty. "
1539 Jane Seymour gives birth to Edward, who automatically becomes heir to the throne. She dies two weeks later of post-natal complications. "She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside him in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle."
1536-1541 The Dissolution of the Monasteries. "...one of the most revolutionary events in English history" "the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Catholic monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and reassigned or dismissed their former members and functions. Although the policy was originally envisaged as increasing the regular income of the Crown, much former monastic property was sold off to fund Henry's military campaigns in the 1540s. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority, and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539)."
1536 Anne Boleyn executed "for high treason, incest and adultery". Henry marries Jane Seymour, who is named Queen Consort of England. "Henry VIII was betrothed to Jane on 20 May 1536, just one day after Anne Boleyn's execution. The couple were married at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, in the Queen's closet by Bishop Gardiner on 30 May 1536. As a wedding gift the King made her a grant of 104 manors in four counties as well as a number of forests and hunting chases for her jointure, the income to support her during their marriage. She was publicly proclaimed as queen consort on 4 June 1536. Jane’s well-publicised sympathy for the late Queen Catherine and the Lady Mary showed her to be compassionate and made her a popular figure with the common people and most of the courtiers. She was never crowned because of plague in London, where the coronation was to take place. Henry may have been reluctant to crown Jane before she had fulfilled her duty as a queen consort by bearing him a son and a male heir."
1534 Henry openly discussing leaving Anne and going back to Catherine. "The king and queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal."
1533 The Act of Succession 1533. Act of English Parliament. Catherine's daughter Mary declared illegitimate as heir to England. "Henry's marriage to Anne was declared legitimate; and Anne's issue was decided to be next in the line of succession. With the Acts of Supremacy in 1534, Parliament also recognized the King's status as head of the church in England and, with the Act in Restraint of Appeals in 1532, abolished the right of appeal to Rome. It was only then that Pope Clement took the step of excommunicating Henry and Thomas Cranmer, although the excommunication was not made official until some time later."
1533 Anne Boleyn crowned Queen Consort of England (Jun 1). "The queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York."
1532 Henry VIII meets with Francis I, King of France, "Henry enlisted the support of the French king for his new marriage. Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry, now 41, and Anne, now 32, went through a secret wedding service. She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533."
1527 Henry VIII appeals to to Pope Clement VII in the hope of having his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. "Certainly, by 1527 Henry had convinced himself that in marrying Catherine, his brother's wife, he had acted contrary to Leviticus 20:21, an impediment the Pope had never had (he now believed) the authority to dispense with."
1526 Henry VIII begins pursuit of Anne Boleyn. "She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress – which her sister Mary had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine so he would be free to marry Anne"
1521 Henry VIII Tudor publishes Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments", earning him the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X.
1513 James V Stuart, nephew of Henry VIII Tudor, becomes King of Scotland.
1512 First recorded mention of the Brig o' Doon.
1509 Henry VIII Tudor, King of England at age 18."the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII."
1451 University of Glasgow founded.
1371 Robert II Stuart, King of Scots. Founding of the House of Stuart.
1332–1357 Second War of Scottish Independence. Begins with the English-supported invasion by Edward Balliol and the "Disinherited" in 1332. King David II of Scotland caputured at the Battle of Neville's Cross (1346). Ends in 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. "Under the terms of the treaty, David II was released by the English, who had captured him at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346. The English demanded a ransom of 100,000 merks (around £150,000 Scots, or £67,000 sterling) for his release, payable in annual installments over a period of ten years, but only the first two payments were made.The first installment of the ransom was paid punctually, the second was late, and after that no more could be paid. Taxation was increased in order to pay the ransom, and David began to embezzle from his own ransom fund, causing widespread resentment. David II also agreed to name Edward III of England as his successor, which was rejected by the Scottish people, as evidenced by continuing cross-border raids.[1][2][4] The issue of succession was settled when Robert Stewart assumed the throne on David's death in 1371."
1320 Declaration of Arboath (Apr. 6). Scottish nobles declare independence from the English.
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