1830 -- We Have Outdone the Barbarians

1830. THE GREAT NUTCRACKER OF JULY 25th. In this caricature Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack. He was forced to abdicate as king during the climax of the battle for Algeria in 1830.

1789 Jul 14 -- Storming of the Bastille. Beginning of the French Revolution.
1792 Sept 22 -- End of the French Monarchy. Proclamation of the French Republic.

1793–94 -- The Reign of Terror in France

1795–96 - French Republic contracts with two Jewish merchants in Algiers for the purchase of wheat

The merchants, who had debts to Hussein Dey, the Ottoman ruler of Algiers, claimed inability to pay those debts until France paid its debts to them. The Dey unsuccessfully negotiated with Pierre Deval, the French consul, to rectify this situation, and suspected Deval of collaborating with the merchants against him, especially since the French government made no provision to pay the merchants in 1820. 

1798 -- Napoleon leads French invasion of Egypt
1799 -- Napoleon seizes power as First Consul of the French Republic.
1804 -- Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor of France
1805 -- Napoleon crowned King of Italy
1808 -- Napoleon orders development of a plan to invade Ottoman Algeria.

1815 Jun -- Battle of Waterloo. Downfall of French Emperor Napoleon I and restoration of the Bourbon kings of France.

1824 -- Death of Louis XVIII, restored Bourbon king of France. His younger brother inherits the throne as Charlex X. He would prove to be a very unpopular king

On 16 September 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 68-year-old Louis XVIII died childless. Therefore, his younger brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. On 27 September Charles X made his state entry into Paris to popular acclaim. 

1825 -- Charles X (Bourbon) crowned King of France in Reims Cathedral. 

By this time the mood of the French capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king. The causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were:

• The imposition of the death penalty for anyone profaning the Eucharist (see Anti-Sacrilege Act).
• The provisions for financial indemnities for properties confiscated by the 1789 Revolution and the First Empire of Napoleon—these indemnities to be paid to anyone, whether noble or non-noble, who had been declared "enemies of the revolution."

1827 Apr 16 -- Charlex X is treated poorly by his troops while reviewing them.

The popularity of both the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped. This became unmistakable when on 16 April 1827, while reviewing the Garde Royale in the Champ de Mars, the king was greeted with icy silence, many of the spectators refusing even to remove their hats. Charles X "later told [his cousin] Orléans that, 'although most people present were not too hostile, some looked at times with terrible expressions'."^[

1827 Apr 29 -- The Dey of Algiers strikes the French consul with his fan, leading to war between France and Algeria.

After a contentious meeting on 29 April 1827 in which Deval refused to provide satisfactory answers to the payment of the French debt, theDdey struck Deval with his fly-whisk (then called a fan). Charles X used this slight against his diplomatic representative to first demand an apology from the Dey, and then to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers. 

 1827-1830 -- French blockade of Algiers

The blockade lasted for three years, and was primarily to the detriment of French merchants who were unable to do business with Algiers, while Barbary pirates were still able to evade the blockade. When France in 1829 sent an ambassador to the dey with a proposal for negotiations, he responded with cannon fire directed toward one of the blockading ships. The French then decided that more forceful action was required.

1829 -- Charlex X sends negotiators to Egypt for dividing up North Africa.

Following the failure of the French ambassador's visit to Algiers, Charles appointed as President Jules, Prince de Polignac, a hardline conservative. This outraged the liberal French opposition, which then had a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. Polignac opened negotiations with Muhammad Ali of Egypt to essentially divide up North Africa. Ali, although nominally a vassal of the Ottomans, eventually rejected this idea. As popular opinion continued to rise against Polignac and the King, they decided that a foreign policy victory such as the capture of Algiers would turn opinion in their favour again

1830 Mar 7 -- French legislators act against Charles X, who dissolves Parliament.

On 17 March 1830, the majority in the French Chamber of Deputies passed a motion of no confidence, the Address of the 221, against the king and Polignac's ministry. The following day, Charles dissolved parliament, and then alarmed the Bourbon opposition by delaying elections for two months. During this time, the liberals championed the "221" as popular heroes, whilst the government struggled to gain support across the country as prefects were shuffled around the departments of France. 

1830 Jun 14 -- Charles X orders a French invasion of Algeria, following the plan by Napoleon made in 1808.

General de Bourmont then landed 34,000 soldiers 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch, on 14 June 1830.  To face the French, the dey sent 7,000 janissaries, 19,000 troops from the beys of Constantine and Oran, and about 17,000 Kabyles.^[19] The French established a strong beachhead and pushed toward Algiers, thanks in part to superior artillery and better organization. 

1830 Jun 19 -- The French defeat the Algerian force at Staouéli outside Algiers.

1830 Jul 5 -- End of Ottoman Algiers. The French enter the city and take control. The Dey goes into exile in Italy. Remaining Turks begin evacuating.

The French entered Algiers on 5 July after a three-week campaign.The dey accepted capitulation in exchange for his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. Five days later, he went into exile in Naples with his family. The Turkish Janissaries also quit the territory, leaving for Turkey. The dey's departure ended 313 years of Ottoman rule of the territory.

While the French command had nominally agreed to preserve the liberties, properties, and religious freedoms of the inhabitants, French troops immediately began plundering the city, arresting and killing people for arbitrary reasons, seizing property, and desecrating religious sites. 

1830 Jul 25 -- Charles X issues the July Proclamations, a series of decrees altering the charter of France and withdrawing liberties.

These decrees, known as the July Ordinances, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, suspended the liberty of the press, excluded the commercial middle-class from future elections, and called for new elections. On Monday 26 July, they were published in the leading conservative newspaper in Paris, Le Moniteur. 

1830 Jul 26-29 -- The Three Glorious Days. Revolution in France. Overthrow of Charles X.  ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who reigns for 18 years, as the so-called July Monarchy (constitutional) under the new title "King of the French".

The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. He followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of French statesman François Guizot during the period 1840–48. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. 

Louis-Philippe was sworn in as King Louis-Philippe I on 9 August 1830.^[8] Upon his accession to the throne, Louis Philippe assumed the title of King of the French – a title already adopted by Louis XVI in the short-lived Constitution of 1791. Linking the monarchy to a people instead of a territory (as the previous designation King of France and of Navarre) was aimed at undercutting the legitimist claims of Charles X and his family. 

1830 Aug -- French expel the last Turkish authorities from Algiers. The French forces plunder what remains of the Turkish and other assets in the city, shocking members of the French government.

By mid-August, the last remnants of Turkish authority were summarily deported without opportunity to liquidate significant assets

One estimate indicates that more than fifty million francs in looted assets were diverted into private hands during the plunder. This activity had a profound effect on future relations between the French occupiers and the natives. In 1833 a French commission wrote that "we have sent to their deaths on simple suspicion and without trial people whose guilt was always doubtful ... we massacred people carrying safe conducts ... we have outdone in barbarity the barbarians"