1453 -- Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. End of the line of Eastern Roman Emperors
1492 -- Columbus, on voyage from Castile and Aragon, lands in Cuba during his first voyage.
1496 -- Spanish (Castile and Aragon) take Melilla on the Africa coast across from the Gibraltar.
1496 -- Marriage of 20 y-o Joanna of Castile (Joanna the Mad, the daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile) to Philip the Handsome, the Archduke of the House of Habsburg and heir to the Hapsburg line.
1500 -- Joanna becomes heir to the thrones of Castile and Aragon through her parents.
1500 Feb 24 -- Charles V Hapsburg born near Ghent, Flanders to Philip and Joanna. His father is heir to the Burgundian/Austrian Hapsburg (Imperial) line. His mother is heir to Castile and Aragon. He becomes the first Catholic super-monarch of the west, at a time when the Spanish kingdom (part of his patrimony) is projecting power throughout the Mediterranean and in the New World (and also battling Protestants in the Low Countries)
1505 -- The Spanish take Mers Al Kabir on the Algerian coast.
1506 -- Philip becomes legal King of Spain through his wife Joanna. He dies shortly after.
1506 -- 6 y.o. Charles V made Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy
1508 -- Maximilian I, father of Philip and grandfather of Charles V, is proclaimed Emperor by the Pope.
1510 -- The Spanish take Tripoli.
1510 -- The Spanish assert control of Algiers.
1516 -- 16 y.o. Charles V crowned King of Spain (united thrones of Castile and Aragon)
1519 -- 19 y.o. Charles V crowned Archduke of Austria
1519 -- The Spanish Conquest of Mexico
1520 -- 20 y.o. Charles V crowned King of Germany
1526 -- Ottoman Turks destroy the Hungarian calvary at the Battle of Mohacs, killing the Hungarian king and reducing the Hungarian kingdom to anarchy and division.
In August 1526, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I decisively defeated the forces of King Louis II of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács, paving the way for the Ottomans to gain control of south-eastern Hungary; the childless King Louis was killed. His brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, claimed the vacant Hungarian throne. Ferdinand won recognition only in western Hungary; while a noble called John Zápolya, from a power-base in Transylvania, challenged him for the crown and was recognised as king by Suleiman in return for accepting vassal status within the Ottoman Empire. Thus Hungary became divided into Royal Hungary and Ottoman Hungary until 1700.
1529 -- Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna. They are repulsed by forces under Charles V.
1529 -- The Ottoman Turks eject the Spanish from Algiers Bay.
1530 Feb 22 -- 30 y.o. Charles V crowned King of Italy
1530 Feb 24 -- 30 y.o. Charles V crowned Emperor by the Pope (on his thirtieth birthday)
1532 -- Battle of Cajamarca. Spanish conquistadores ambush and massacre and Incan force in Peru, beginning a forty-year conquest of the Incan Empire.
1541 Oct-Nov -- The Siege of Algiers by Imperial forces under 41 y.o. Emperor Charles V. Ends in disastrous retreat for the Spanish. City is under Ottoman control and protection for the next three centuries.
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