morisco = Moorish Muslim convert to Christianity, and descendants thereof, as applied in Spain during and after the Reconquista.
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| The Expulsion of the Jews from Europe between 1100 and 1600 |
1182 -- Partial expulsion of Jews from France
1290 -- Expulsion of the Jews from England
1391 -- Wave of mass conversions of Jews following persecution.
1401 -- Spanish Reconquest of Seville.
1415 -- Another wave of mass conversions of Jews in Spain.
As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled, an unknown number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion.This led to Mass migration of Jews from Spain to Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean Basin.1478 -- Founding of the Inquisition. The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. The "Spanish Inquisition" may be defined broadly, operating in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islands, the Kingdom of Naples,nd all Spanish possessions in North, Central, and South America.
According to modern estimates, around 150,000 were prosecuted for various offenses during the three-century duration of the Spanish Inquisition, out of which between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed (~2.7% of all cases).
1486 -- Birth of Arthur Tudor, eldest son of King Henry VII of England.
1488 -- 2 y.o. Arthur Tudor is betrothed to 3 y.o. Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella.
1492 -- Fall of Granada. Spanish conquest of Andalucia is completed. Treaty guarantees Muslim religious liberty in conquered Andalucia.
1492 Mar -- Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada. The Alhambra Decree. Expulsion of remaining non-converted Jews from Spain.
Edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and ensure they did not revert to Judaism.
"the real purpose of the 1492 edict likely was not expulsion, but compulsory conversion and assimilation of all Spanish Jews, a process which had been underway for a number of centuries. Indeed, a further number of those Jews who had not yet joined the converso community finally chose to convert and avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution during the prior century, between 200,000 and 250,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between one third and one half of Spain's remaining 100,000 non-converted Jews chose exile, with an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion." [WP, citing Henry Kamen]
A significant number returned to Spain in the years following the expulsion, on condition of converting to Catholicism, the Crown guaranteeing they could recover their property at the same price at which it was sold.1496 -- Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal.
1499 -- the Archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros begins a campaign in the city of Granada to force religious compliance with Christianity with torture and imprisonment, triggering a Muslim rebellion.
The rebellion was eventually quelled and then used to justify revoking the Muslims' legal and treaty protections.1501 -- Marriage of Arthur Tudor, heir to English throne, to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, who becomes Princess of Wales.
1502 -- Death of Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales. His. 10 y.o. younger brother Henry Tudor becomes heir to the throne.
1501 -- Last Muslims leave Granada.
1502 -- Isabella of Castile issues edict banning Islam from the Kingdom of Castile
.The last realm to impose conversion was the Crown of Aragon, whose kings had previously been bound to guarantee the freedom of religion for its Muslims under an oath included in their coronations.1507 -- Consecration of Seville Cathedral.
1507 -- 14 y.o. Henry Tudor rejects marriage to the Widowed Princess of Wales Catherine of Aragon. She becomes ambassador of the Aragonese Crown to England, the first female ambassador in European history.
Isabella's death in 1504, and the ensuing problems of succession in Castile, complicated matters. Her father preferred her to stay in England, but Henry VII's relations with Ferdinand had deteriorated. Catherine was therefore left in limbo for some time, culminating in Prince Henry's rejection of the marriage as soon he was able, at the age of 14. Ferdinand's solution was to make his daughter ambassador, allowing her to stay in England indefinitely. Devout, she began to believe that it was God's will that she marry the prince despite his opposition.
1509 -- Henry VIII ascends to throne of England. He marries Catherine of Aragon, his brother's childless widow.
1510 -- Spanish fortify Algiers
1519–1523 -- Rebellion against Charles V in Spain (Rebelión de las Germanías).
It was a revolt by artisan guilds (Germanies) against the government of King Charles V in the Kingdom of Valencia, part of the Crown of Aragon.
1520 -- SummitIt took place from 1519–1523, with most of the fighting occurring during 1521. The Valencian revolt inspired a related revolt in the island of Majorca, also part of Aragon, which lasted from 1521–1523.The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Valencia's peasant Muslim population (also called mudéjars, to contrast with crypto-Muslims or Moriscos in the Crown of Castile, where Islam was outlawed) and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.
1524 -- Charles V petitions Pope Clement VII to release him from his oath protecting Muslims' freedom of religion. This granted him the authority to officially act against the remaining Muslim population
1525 -- Charles V issues an official edict of conversion: Islam was no longer officially extant throughout Spain. Beginning of the forced conversion of Muslims as Moriscos:
The Moriscos were descendants of Spain's Muslim population that had converted to Christianity by coercion or by royal decree in the early 16th century. Since the Spanish were fighting wars in the Americas, feeling threatened by the Turks raiding along the Spanish coast and by two Morisco revolts in the century since Islam was outlawed in Spain, it seems that the expulsions were a reaction to an internal problem of the stretched Spanish Empire.
While adhering to Christianity in public was required by the royal edicts and enforced by the Spanish Inquisition, evidence indicated that most of the forcibly converted (known as the "Moriscos") clung to Islam in secret.
1529 -- Turkish takeover of Algiers, expelling the Spanish fortification.
1547 -- Birth of Miguel de Cervantes was born around 29 September 1547, in Alcalá de Henares, a community near Madrid.
He was the second son of barber-surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and his wife, Leonor de Cortinas (c. 1520–1593). Rodrigo came from Córdoba, Andalusia, where his father Juan de Cervantes was an influential lawyer of Jewish heritage As to his heritage on his mothers' side, it is still subject of debate but a Jewish origin is also argued by numerous authors.1557 -- Spain declares sovereign default, the first of nine times until 1666.
1571 Oct -- Battle of Lepanto. 24 y.o. Cervantes and his brother sail with the Holy League fleet against the Turks
At some point, he was joined in Naples by his younger brother Rodrigo. In September 1571, Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the Holy League fleet under Don John of Austria, illegitimate half brother of Phillip II of Spain1575 Sept -- Cervantes and his brother are captured by Barbary Pirates and sold into slavery. His brother is ransomed after two years.
In early September 1575, Cervantes and Rodrigo left Naples on the galley Sol; as they approached Barcelona on 26 September, their ship was captured by Ottoman corsairs, and the brothers taken to Algiers, to be sold as slaves, or–as was the case of Cervantes and his brother–held for ransom, if this would be more lucrative than their sale as slaves. Rodrigo was ransomed in 1577, but his family could not afford the fee for Cervantes, who was forced to remain. Turkish historian Rasih Nuri İleri found evidence suggesting Cervantes worked on the construction of the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex, which means he spent at least part of his captivity in Istanbul.1580 -- Spain makes truce with Ottoman Empire (so that both can fight other enemies). Cervantes is ransomed and returns to Spain
After almost five years, and four escape attempts, in 1580 Cervantes was set free by the Trinitarians, a religious charity that specialised in ransoming Christian captives, and returned to Madrid.1584 -- Cervantes marries Catalina, eldest daughter of the widowed Catalina de Palacios.
the elder Catalina's husband had died leaving only debts, but she owned some land of her own.1584-1604 The Anglo-Spanish War
intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared.The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule.
1587 -- Cervantes appointed as a government purchasing agent
1588 -- Defeat of the Armada by England. Spanish invasion of England scuttled.
1592 -- Cervantes becomes a tax collector
1599-1601 -- Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
1605 -- Cervantes, Don Quixote I
The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha (Modern Spanish: El ingenioso hidalgo (in Part 2, caballero) Don Quijote de la Mancha,
The plot revolves around the adventures of a noble (hidalgo) from La Mancha named Alonso Quixano, who reads so many chivalric romances that he loses his mind and decides to become a knight-errant (caballero andante) to revive chivalry and serve his nation, under the name Don Quixote de la Mancha. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who often employs a unique, earthy wit in dealing with Don Quixote's rhetorical monologues on knighthood, already considered old-fashioned at the time. Don Quixote, in the first part of the book, does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story.1609-1614 -- Explusion of the Moriscos Expulsión de los moriscos. by order of Philip III, King of Spain.
Of those permanently expelled, the majority finally settled in the Maghreb or the Barbary Coast, with between 30,000 and 75,000 ultimately returning to Spain.Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into the dominant culture. The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain.
1615 -- Cervantes, Don Quixote II
Although the two parts are now published as a single work, Don Quixote, Part Two was a sequel published ten years after the original novel. While Part One was mostly farcical, the second half is more serious and philosophical about the theme of deception.Part Two of Don Quixote explores the concept of a character understanding that he is written about, an idea much explored in the 20th century. As Part Two begins, it is assumed that the literate classes of Spain have all read the first part of the story. Cervantes' meta-fictional device was to make even the characters in the story familiar with the publication of Part One, as well as with an actually published, fraudulent Part Two.
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| Don Quixote de la Mancha and Sancho Panza, 1863, by Gustave Doré. |
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